Showing posts with label Captain Edward Goldsmith. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Captain Edward Goldsmith. Show all posts

Christmas from our Archives

HAND-TINTED PORTRAITS as CHRISTMAS CARDS Red and green sprigs 1874
PHOTOGRAPHIC REDUCTIONS of LARGE DOCUMENTS Cdv of Mercury 1874; fire bell warnings 1878
CHARLES DICKENS and CAPTAIN GOLDSMITH The Gadshill mail box 1859
CHRISTMAS DRINKS at the MAYPOLE Drunk and disorderly at New Town 1885
PRISONERS partying 1881 and SAILORS hugging the holly 1850
CHRISTMAS CONCERT Theatre Royal Hobart ca. 1958
THE GRAND-CHILDREN'S ALBUMS Thomas and Elizabeth Nevin's grandchildren 1942

1. Summer of '42

Betty Nevin and June Watson with icecreams 1940s

From Thomas and Elizabeth Nevin's grandchildren's albums:
Betty J. Nevin (left) with friend June Watson (right), enjoying ice cream after a swim
Taken at Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania, Christmas 1942 (unattributed)
Copyright © KLW NFC Group & KLW NFC Imprint Private Collection 2021-24


2. The Hobart Mercury front page reduced to a cdv, 1874
On Christmas Day, 25th December 1874, the Mercury newspaper (Tasmania) published a notice which served the dual purpose of praising Thomas Nevin's photographic talents and suggesting by way of praise that the "literary curiosity" would make a great gift as a Christmas card:



T. J. Nevin's photographic feat, Mercury 23 December 1874

TRANSCRIPT
A PHOTOGRAPHIC FEAT. - Mr T. J. Nevin, of Elizabeth-street, has performed a feat in photography which may be justly regarded as a literary curiosity. He has succeeded in legibly producing the front page of The Mercury of Wednesday, the 23 inst., on a card three inches by two inches. Many of the advertisements could be read without the aid of a glass, and the seven columns admit of a margin all round the card.
See the full page here of the Mercury, 23 December 1874
Read more here: Thomas Nevin's Christmas feat 1874

Of personal interest on the front page of the December 23, 1874 issue of the Mercury which Thomas Nevin photographed as a Christmas cdv novelty was a small advertisement informing readers that the Royal Standard Hotel was to let by its new proprietor John Elliott. Located next door to Nevin's photographic business at 140 Elizabeth St., the Royal Standard Hotel at 142 Elizabeth St. was operated by victualler and government contractor James Spence since 1868. Public Works Department contractors regularly gathered at his hotel to air their "grievances received at the hands of the Public Works Department". Thomas Nevin nominated James Spence in his aldermanic campaign to serve on the Hobart City Council in 1872. Spence's promise to the citizens of Hobart, if elected, was to monitor excessive expenditure on upcoming water and road infrastructure projects. He suggested too - and this proved to be his undoing - that he would investigate and report corruption within government, whether local or colonial, as a whistle-blower, or in his words, as "a dog on the chain." Not only did Spence fail to gain a seat in the 1872 HCC elections, he became the subject of two court cases, accused of slander. Ridiculed in the press, he left Hobart, selling the Royal Standard Hotel to John Elliott in 1874 for £775 as Lot 1. Included in the sale was "a cottage and shop adjoining, and three weather-boarded houses in Patrick Street next to Lot 1" for an additional £175. (Mercury 22 Jan 1874 p 2). When Nevin produced his cdv of the Mercury's front page issue, December 23, 1874, Elliott's notice of the lease on the Royal Standard appeared in the last column:



TRANSCRIPT
TO LET, the "ROYAL STANDARD HOTEL", situate corner of Elizabeth and Patrick streets. Apply to J. ELLIOTT.
The Royal Standard Hotel to let, next door to Thomas Nevin's studio
Source: Advertising (1874, December 24). The Mercury (Hobart, Tas. : 1860 - 1954), p. 1.last column
https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article8934231

Read more about James Spence here: Contractors Thomas J. Nevin and "dog on the chain" James Spence 1872


3. Connections past and present
On January 18th, 2014, this weblog posted an article with reference to two of Charles Dickens' letters complaining about his neighbour, retired master mariner Captain Edward Goldsmith at Gadshill, in the village of Higham, Kent (UK). The first letter dated 1857 concerned Captain Goldsmith's monopoly of the water supply in the village, and the second dated 1859 concerned the location of the village mailbox outside Captain Goldsmith's house. It took just a few months in 2014, from January when we first posted the reference to Captain Goldsmith and the Higham mailbox in Charles Dickens' letters, to December 2014 when this now famous mailbox found restitution as a fully operational service of the Royal Mail. Perhaps we played a small part in bringing the mailbox back into service. Our generous Captain Goldsmith, without doubt, is the ancestor who keeps on giving.



Source: Marion Dickens and friends at Charles Dickens’s personal postbox, outside his Kent home, recommissioned ahead of Christmas. Photograph: Royal Mail/PA 2014

Read more here: A Christmas Story: Captain Goldsmith, Charles Dickens and the Higham mail box.


4. The Terpsichoreans, New Norfolk 1867
Thomas J. Nevin photographed a large group of dancers at Shoobridge's hop grounds, New Norfolk, north of Hobart, Tasmania, on 27 December 1867. As a group, they were similarly attired: the women wore a dark short top coat over a white dress, while the men wore a striking white hat with a wide brim, floppy crown and black band. During that summer of 1867-1868 Thomas Nevin took the first photographs of his fiancée Elizabeth Rachel Day, who also wore a dark top coat over a white dress for this full-length portrait:

Elizabeth Rachel Day 1867, photo by Thomas Nevin

Elizabeth Rachel Day, 1868, fiancée of Thomas J. Nevin.
Full-length portrait, carte-de-visite
Nevin & Smith (late Bock's) 1867-8
City Photographic Establishment, 140 Elizabeth Street Hobart Town
Copyright © KLW NFC Imprint & Private Collection. Watermarked.

Dancers at New Norfolk 1867, Nevin photo

Stereograph by Nevin & Smith of groups seated and dancing in a circle, New Norfolk, Tasmania, 28 December 1867
Verso label: Tasmanian Views from Nevin & Smith .... plus Tombstones copied, Terms - Cheap!"
Photo copyright © KLW NFC Imprint 2014-2015
Taken at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, November 2014
TMAG Ref: Q1994.56.20.1

WORKING MEN'S CLUB EXCURSION TO NEW NORFOLK
Yesterday the steamer Monarch, specially chartered by the Working Men's Club, conveyed between 300 and 400 excursionists to New Norfolk. This was the order of the day. An excellent brass band performed a variety of dance music on the bridge, and a number of indefatigable votaries of Terpsichore tripped it away "on the light fantastic toe" throughout the whole of the upward voyage. New Norfolk was reached by about  ½ past 12. The majority of the excursionists proceeded at once to Valleyfield, the beautiful seat of Mr. Shoobridge, who kindly threw open his grounds to the visitors, and supplied all and sundry with hot new potatoes and green peas fruit and tea. Picnic parties were soon formed in all directions under the trees, and everybody seemed thoroughly to enjoy Mr. Shoobridge's genial hospitality. After refreshment the band summoned the company to the hop-room, where dancing was kept up for nearly a couple of hours. After this football, foot races, kiss in the ring etc. occupied the young folks for some time in a large paddock near the house, during which Mr. Nevins [sic] took three photographic views of the animated scene....
Source: Tasmanian Times Saturday 28 December 1867, page 3

Read more here:Thomas Nevin and the Terpsichoreans, New Norfolk 1867


5. A few drinks on Christmas Eve 1885
Thomas Nevin's photographic studio in the years 1880-1888 was located in New Town where he resumed commercial photography after his departure from the position of Office and Hall Keeper, Hobart Town Hall, in early 1881 and continued photographic contractual work with bailiff duties for the New Town Territorial Police and the Hobart Municipal Police Office. He listed his occupation as "Photographer, New Town" on the birth registration of his youngest daughter Minnie (Mary Ann Nevin) in December 1884. His adult children listed their father's occupation as "Photographer" on their respective marriage certificates in the early 1900s including his affectionate name for their mother - "Lizza" - right to the last marriage in 1917 of their youngest son Albert Edward Nevin to Emily Maud Davis. Even at his death in 1923, Thomas J. Nevin's occupation was registered as "Photographer" on the cemetery's burial certificate.

On or about Christmas Eve, December 24th 1885, William Curtis, Thomas Nevin and and an unnamed "first offender" were celebrating the Season of Cheer with a few drinks when they were each fined 5s. for "drunk and disorderly conduct at New Town".



Stereograph by Thomas J. Nevin of the Maypole Inn and Congregational Church behind, ca. 1870.
Verso inscribed by an archivist with location details. Sourced from eBay March 2016.

Read more here: A few drinks on Christmas Eve 1885 at New Town


6. The traditional sprig of holly
Carte-de-visite portraits were taken in the 1870s by Thomas J. Nevin at the request of clients and colleagues who wanted to gift their portrait as a Christmas Card. They were invariably posed holding the traditional sprig of holly, or whatever was grown locally that would represent holly, tinted red and green always as the two colours readily recognised as signifiers of Christmas.



A Christmas portrait by T. J. Nevin of a toddler holding a sprig of holly, hand coloured red and green
Verso bears Nevin's Royal Warrant stamp ca. 1874
From © The Lucy Batchelor Collection 2009 ARR [PC]



Above: teenage girl holding a sprig, daubed red and green, ca. 1874
Portrait inscribed verso with the transcription "Clifford & Nevin, Hobart Town"
From © The G.T. Harrisson Collection 2006 ARR [PC]

Read more here: The red and green tinted sprigs and Wm Maguire


7. Thomas Nevin's cdv of Hobart's fire bell signals
Thomas Nevin's photographic reductions of large printed documents to the size of a carte-de-visite - 54.0 mm (2.125 in) × 89 mm (3.5 in) mounted on a card sized 64 mm (2.5 in) × 100 mm (4 in) - "evoked much admiration" when reported in the press. His first noted experiment in 1870 was the replication to a pocket sized card of the Town Clerk's poster which provided the public with information on how to interpret fire bell alarms.

Even though the electric alarm system might have been in operation in Hobart by the late 1870s, Mr. H. Wilkinson, Town Clerk, and Thomas J. Nevin, Office-keeper of the Hobart Municipal Council, considered it a necessary public service to publish a diagram in the Mercury Almanac for 1878 on New Year's Day, January 1st,1878, showing the number of strokes of the fire bell for each sequence signifying the fire's location, viz: from the intersection of Liverpool and Harrington streets in the north (2 strokes) and west (3 strokes), to the intersection of Harrington Street and Montepellier Road, i.e. Montepellier Retreat, to the south (4 strokes) and east (1 stroke) rising from New Wharf (now Salamanca Place) to Battery Point (5 strokes).





TRANSCRIPT
FIRE BELL SIGNALS, HOBART TOWN.
The city is divided into five parts, as shown below. After the general alarm for a fire has been rung, the proper signal will be given, being repeated five times, with an interval of one minute between each : -
West 3 Strokes.
North 2 Strokes.
Liverpool Street - Harrington Street
South 4 Strokes.
East 1 Stroke.
Montpellier-road
Battery Point and New Wharf;
5 Strokes.
Source: Mercury (Hobart, Tas. : 1860 - 1954) Tue 1 Jan 1878 Page 1 FIRE BELL SIGNALS, HOBART TOWN.

Read more here: Thomas Nevin's photographic reductions of large documents 1870s


8. The Pretty Views of Hobart 1850
Venturing out into a Hobart Town garden from HMS Havannah anchored in port at Hobart, Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) on 26th December, 1850, deputy adjutant Godfrey Mundy rejoiced at the sight of a full-grown holly:
Every kind of English flower and fruit appears to benefit by transportation to Van Diemen's Land. Well-remembered shrubs and plants, to which the heat of Australia is fatal, thrive in the utmost luxuriance under this more southern climate. For five years I had lost sight of a rough but respected old friend — the holly, or at most I had contemplated with chastened affection one wretched little specimen in the Sydney Botanic Garden — labelled for the enlightenment of the Cornstalks. But in a Hobart Town garden I suddenly found myself in the presence of a full-grown holly, twenty feet high and spangled with red berries, into whose embrace I incontinently rushed, to the astonishment of a large party of the Brave and the Fair, as well as to that of my most prominent feature!


Common Holly 1864
Source:Biocyclopedia.com

Read more here: Captain Edward Goldsmith: imports to Tasmania, exports to everywhere, 1840s-1860s


9. In a party mood: Michael LYNCH, Christmas Eve, 1881
Sixty-five (65) year old cook, Michael Horrigan (or Lynch, Harrigan and Sullivan), transported as Michael Lynch per Waverley (1) in 1841, was feeling festive on Christmas Eve, 24th December 1881. He celebrated by breaking into the residence of Alexander Denholm junior at Forcett, south-east of Hobart near Sorell, helping himself to a gold watch and some very fancy clothes. In a party mood, and probably dressed to the nines in Denholm's tweeds, he then sought out and made amorous sexual advances to Robert Freeman which landed him in prison for indecent assault.



Prisoner Michael LYNCH alias HORRIGAN, HARRIGAN and SULLIVAN
Photographer: Thomas J. Nevin (1842-1923)
Date and Place: Hobart Supreme Court March 1882
Black and white copy of sepia print printed in cdv mount
Verso indicates alias, crime, date of transportation, photo or archival no. 466 etc
QVM:1985:P:89, QVMAG Collection, Launceston, Tasmania

Read more here: In a party mood: prisoner Michael LYNCH (as Horrigan, Harrigan or Sullivan), Christmas Eve, December 24th 1881


10. ... And from the 1950s



Norma Witts, Santa Claus and children from the Norma Witts Dance School
Christmas Concert, Theatre Royal Hobart ca. 1958
Thomas and Elizabeth Nevin's great grand daughter Kerry middle row third from left
From © KLW NFC Group Private Collection 2023

Captain Edward Goldsmith's vote of support for James Alexander Thomson 1853

J. A. THOMSON, transported convict, arrived Hobart 1825
J. A. THOMSON, building contractor 1835-1857
J. A. THOMSON, Hobart City Alderman and Captain GOLDSMITH 1853
Captain Edward GOLDSMITH's twin ferry Kangaroo, costs and critics 1856

Bridge at New Norfolk

Detail, left image of stereograph of the pile bridge over River Derwent at New Norfolk, with male figure hiding his face seated in immediate foreground on the right of each single image.

Bridge at New Norfolk, stereo by T J Nevin

Pile bridge at New Norfolk built by James Alexander Thomson (1840-41).
Residence of Mr W. Sharland Esq, Woodbridge, visible to the right of bridge in distance across the River Derwent.
Stereograph on arched buff mount by Thomas J. Nevin ca. 1868
Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery Collection
TMAG Ref: Q16826.16

Biography
From: The Australian Dictionary of Biography online
https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/thomson-james-alexander-2733
James Alexander Thomson (1805-1860), architect, engineer and building contractor, was a native of Haddington, Scotland, and at 20, as 'a wild but clever young man', was transported to Van Diemen's Land for theft. With his brothers William and Joseph he had been discovered in a private house, and the three were tried together for the same offence and sentenced on 18 February 1824. William was considered less culpable and pardoned after imprisonment in Newgate; Joseph and James were transported separately; Joseph, who identified the object of the theft as jewellery to the value of £3000, was drowned after two years in the colony. James, who arrived at Hobart Town in the Medway on 14 December 1825, was assigned to public works and was frequently on loan to the colonial architect, David Lambe, and his successor, John Lee Archer, both of whom professed satisfaction with his work as draughtsman. Archer procured for him a small remuneration and towards the end of his assignment he was superintendent of the church building at Richmond (St Luke's 1834-37). He had also acted from 1830 as overseer of the government plumbers, glaziers and painters; indeed his trade was given in convict records as decorative painter. These records imply that at the date of transportation he had a wife and child living in Park Street, Regent's Park, London. By 3 June 1830, however, he had petitioned the lieutenant-governor for permission to marry Eliza Ogilvie, the comfortably endowed widow of a respectable Hobart wine and spirits merchant who had died in 1828 leaving her with three children. A daughter, Alice, appears to have been born on 7 August 1830, although the marriage at Richmond did not take place until 16 October 1832. A son, William, was born on 13 August 1833. By 1859 only one daughter, Fanny, survived, but two sons were living.

Thomson received a conditional pardon on I January 1835 and immediately set up a business in Liverpool Street, which lasted for most of his life, not only as architect, engineer and surveyor, but also as valuer, estate agent, map printer and dealer in machinery. His free pardon became effective on 31 July 1839. Despite his several complaints that officers of the Royal Engineers and public servants used their leisure time in architectural activities and caused unfair competition, Thomson seems to have enjoyed reasonably consistent architectural patronage, particularly during the shortage of architects in the 1840s. In 1841 he was a partner of James Blackburn in at least some contracts, though both worked independently as well. Thomson was also one of the first in Hobart to become interested in lithography both in its artistic and in its commercially reproductive applications. In 1850-51 Thomson had been one of the first to seek gold in Tasmania, investigating without success Frenchman's Cap and other areas. On 5 December 1852 his wife Eliza died, aged 51, and on 6 December 1853 Thomson married Catherine, the widow of the Hobart builder, John Jackson. Thomson moved from Liverpool Street to Elboden Street and later to Melrose in Hampden Road. He owned property in Macquarie Street, and worked professionally from the Stone Buildings later, about 1855-56 operating there under the name of Thomson & Cookney.

In 1853 he yielded to the supplications of a large group of supporters to stand as an alderman on the Municipal Council, a position he held until 1857. One of his great concerns was the Hobart water supply. Architecturally the bulk of Thomson's work appears to be in the domestic context: the designing and sometimes building of workmanlike utilitarian structures such as shops, office buildings, terraces and houses and cottages, none being works of paramount importance. One interesting tender let in 1850 was for fifty timber-framed houses for the Californian goldfields. Thomson was also engaged in contracting for jetties, wharves and harbour improvements in Hobart and, with Blackburn, road-making. His spectacular buildings were few. Unquestionably the most interesting and important work is the Hobart Synagogue (1843-45), the most comprehensive example of the Regency Egyptian style in Australia (felt suitable for this religion), surpassing in quality the first synagogues of Launceston, Melbourne and Sydney. Other churches are of plain and rudimentary village Gothicism, such as St Joseph's, Hobart (1841-43, some alterations), and St Joseph's, Launceston (1838-42, demolished and replaced), little touched by the more scholarly aspects of Gothic Revivalism. A few other works are attributable. Besides the Bridgewater Bridge (1846-49, with Blackburn) Thomson's best known early work was the pile bridge across the Derwent at New Norfolk (1840-41). An association with the stone bridge at Dunrobin (built 1850-56 under William Kay's supervision) is suggested by an obituary of reserved eulogies, which lists also the bridge at Richmond (presumably reconstruction of earlier fabric), the smelting works at Exmouth Bay, the former Hobart Exchange rooms and attorney-general's offices. Thomson had a long record of devoted service as a Freemason and Lodge treasurer, and committee member of the Hobart Mechanics' Institute. He sailed in the Isles of the South on 3 February 1860 for a visit to England, and died of typhoid fever at Helensburgh, near Glasgow, on 15 September 1860, aged 55.

Whatever his merits as architect, and they are relatively minor, Thomson provides a remarkable case of a former convict establishing himself as a successful businessman, despite his small estate, respected in many circles and with a considerable variety of commercial activities and social interests.

Select Bibliography
Hobart Town Advertiser, 21 Nov 1860, Blackburn papers (privately held).
Citation details: Harley Preston, 'Thomson, James Alexander (1805–1860)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/thomson-james-alexander-2733/text3857, published first in hardcopy 1967, accessed online 13 September 2021.
This article was published in hardcopy in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 2, (Melbourne University Press), 1967
Source: https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/thomson-james-alexander-2733

J. A. Thomson:
Transportation Records - arrival at Hobart, 1825
Born 1805
Occupation: Painter & glazier
Date of Death: 15th September, 1860
Age: 55 years
Crime: Theft
Convicted at: Aberdeen Court of Justiciary
Sentence term: 14 years
Ship: Medway
Departure date: 28th July, 1825
Arrival date: 14th December, 1825
Place of arrival: Van Diemen's Land
Passenger manifest: Travelled with 172 other convicts
References
Primary source: Australian Joint Copying Project. Microfilm Roll 88, Class and Piece Number HO11/5, Page Number 293 (148)
Secondary source: https://convictrecords.com.au/convicts/thomson/james-alexander/108662

Hobart Town Gazette, 15 Sept 1827
List of Runaways
331. Thompson, James, alias Coutts, 5 ft. 4, brown hair, blue eyes, aged 23, flax dresser, tried at Aberdeen, April 1825, sentence 14 years, per Medway 2, native of Kinnear, absconded from service of Mr. French, in January last. Same reward. (£2).

Architecture by or attributed to James A. Thomson
Are they Scottish buildings?
Thomson arrived in Van Diemen’s Land as a convict, found guilty of theft and transported in 1825. In 1827, his qualifications—recorded as a decorative painter—saw him assigned to the Office of the Colonial Architect & Engineer (established in 1827, following the appointment and arrival of the incumbent John Lee Archer) from 1827 to 1832, prior to practicing variously as an architect, engineer, surveyor and builder (independently and in partnerships) through to the 1850s. He was one of a handful of practicing architects in the period. Whilst designing in a range of picturesque styles, the mainstay of Thomson’s practice was an austere Grecian mode realised across a variety of villas, commercial, and ecclesiastical buildings in the 1830s and 1840s (fig. 9). From Haddington, just outside of Edinburgh, and likely trained in the 1820s, Thomson would no doubt have absorbed the consolidation of the Greek Revival as an almost “national style” in Edinburgh as it was being re-imagined as the “Athens of the North” in the 1820s.

Excepting considerations of his impressive Egyptianate Hobart Synagogue (1843-1845), the jury is out on the architectural merits of Thomson’s work and his reputation, historiographically, which falls back to his professional redemption from convictism. One of the problems of the narrative is that it circumvents full consideration of Thomson’s Scottish heritage and its potential implications for his career. Unexamined is the extent to which Thomson’s Scottish background, identity, and associated networks supported his success in practice and, in the process, inflected an emergent architectural discourse in the colony.
Source: Scottish Networks and their Buildings in Van Diemen’s Land and Tasmania
Author: Stuart King
Link:https://journals.openedition.org/abe/5887
Link: https://doi.org/10.4000/abe.5887

1831-1836: Wentworth House, Bothwell, Tasmania

Wentworth House

Wentworth House, Bothwell, Tasmania, built c.1831-36. Photograph by Sir Ralph Wishaw, 1966.
Source: Hobart (Australia), Tasmanian Archives and Heritage Office, Whishaw Collection, NS165/1/31

1841: St Joseph’s Catholic Church, 165 Macquarie St, (cnr Harrington St) Hobart, the oldest Catholic church in Hobart; Gothic Revival style.

St Joseph's Church

Macquarie Street Hobart, looking west to St. Joseph's Catholic Church c. 1870
Photographer: Henry Hall Baily
Source: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/2618/

1843-1845: The Synagogue, 59 Argyle St, Hobart. Egyptian revival style, Australia’s first Synagogue
A single storey building designed by James Thomson, it is the oldest place of Jewish worship in Australia. It is a rare example of Regency Egyptian Revival style.

Hobart Synagogue

Hobart Synagogue, Argyle Street, Hobart, Tas.
Source: https://www.ourtasmania.com.au/hobart/hobart-heritage-walk.html

1846: Tasmania Club, 132 Macquarie St Hobart.

Tasmanian Club

The Tasmanian Club, Macquarie Street, Hobart, Tasmania c. 1880
Photographers: Anson Brothers, Liverpool, Collins and Elizabeth Streets between 1878 and 1891.
Source: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/2655/

This photograph shows the Tasmanian Club, Walch's, Derwent and Tamar Assurance Company, Post Office, Supreme Court, Franklin Square, Town Hall, Museum and Pregnell's butcher shop in Macquarie Street, Hobart ca. 1875. The Georgian style building was designed by architect James Alexander Thomson and built in 1846 for banker and merchant Captain Charles Swanston at the Derwent Bank which went into liquidation during the depression of the 1840's. The Tasmanian Club was established in 1861 in Hobart by seventy men. It was founded on the 'London pattern', that is, election or exclusion of candidates by ballot. The Club relocated to leased premises at Webb's (now Hadley's) Hotel in Murray Street from 1861 until 1873 when they purchased the Macquarie St. building. It is still used as their residence today. In 1891, following outright purchase of the land and buildings, major extensions were made to the Club building, including the main dining room and accommodation. The Tasmanian Club is regarded as the 'senior gentlemen's club' of Tasmania by its interstate and overseas counterparts. It has an upper limit to membership of 400.

Further reading: F Green, The Tasmanian Club, Hobart, 1961.
Source: https://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/T/Tas%20club.htm

1847: formerly Franklin Chambers, 105 Macquarie St, Hobart.

Mercantile Mutual Building

Mercantile Mutual Building, Franklin Chambers, 105 Macquarie Street, Cnr. Trafalgar Place, Hobart, Tas. A three storey Victorian era Academic Classical commercial building, designed by J. A. Thomson with a front facade in ashlar, the rest in brick and a hipped iron roof. There are expressed quoins, bracketed cornices to ground floor openings, Ionic pilasters and pediments to second level windows, string courses, a decorative frieze and a cornice to the roof.
Source: https://www.ourtasmania.com.au/hobart/hobart-heritage-walk.html

1848: "Hildern” (St James’ Rectory) 29 August Rd, New Town.

Hildern

'Hildern' was built in the late 1840s for David Heckscher, a watchmaker and jeweller. Heckscher got into financial difficulties and had to sell the property to repay his debts. John James (c1794-1863), a wine and spirit merchant, bought 'Hildern' in 1850 and over the next forty years it was rented out to various tenants. William Gilchrist Watt (c1840-1914) bought the property in 1893. Watt lived at 'Hildern' until his death at which time the property passed to his wife, Catherine. Catherine paid for the construction of St James the Apostle Church which is located a few hundred metres away on the corner of Elizabeth Street and Rupert Avenue. The Church was dedicated in the memory of William Gilchrist Watt by the Bishop of Tasmania in 1918.Catherine died in 1919 and bequeathed Hildern to the Church of England in Tasmania as the Rectory for St James'. Hildern remained the Rectory for St James' for over sixty years until the 1980s when the Church could no longer afford to maintain it. The Tasmanian Government had to pass legislation - the Church of England (Rectory of St James the Apostle) Act 1980 - to allow the Church to sell the property.It would appear that the building and its accompanying stone barn are still in private hands to this day and appears to be undergoing restoration and conservation of the buildings and grounds.
Source: Photo and text G. Ritchie
Link: https://ontheconvicttrail.blogspot.com/2014/05/hildern.html
Main Information & Text Source – Australian Heritage Database

Other buildings possibly by James Thomson:
St Andrew’s Evandale has not previously been attributed to James Thomson. It is proposed here on the basis of connections within the Presbyterian church and the re-iteration of the same pattern book source.



St Andrews Uniting Church, Evandale
Source: Copyright photo and text - G. Ritchie, "no architect has ever been identified..."
Link: https://ontheconvicttrail.blogspot.com/2017/10/st-andrews-uniting-church-evandale.html

1853: Captain Goldsmith's vote for James Thomson
In 1853 ahead of the launch of his twin ferry Kangaroo, Captain Goldsmith foresaw the need for suitable wharves on either side of the River Derwent - at Bellerive (Kangaroo Point) and at Hobart - where carriers could load and unload passengers and cartage safely. Those wharves would be a key factor in the ferry's success. Needing the right candidate in the 1853 Hobart City Council aldermanic elections who could realize the sort of wharf construction he envisaged, he put his support behind building contractor James Alexander Thomson.

TRANSCRIPT
MUNICIPAL ELECTION.

NOMINATION OF CANDIDATES.
THE nomination of candidates to fill the seat in the Municipal Council, rendered vacant by the absence of Mr. Oldham, took place, yesterday, at noon, in the New Market.
Mr. T. J. CROUCH officiated for the Sheriff, and having read the authority under which he noted, called upon some elector to propose Mr. Murphy, who had been first in the field.
Mr. E. H. COLE had " much pleasure" in proposing Mr. Dennis Murphy, as "is fit and proper person," etc.
Mr. JOHN MOORE: seconded the nomination, ASKIN MORRISON, Esq., M.L.C., proposed Mr. J. A. Thompson [sic - Thomson] as a candidate, for the vacant office.
Capt. GOLDSMITH, in seconding the nomination, drew attention to Mr. Thompson's [sic] professional experience, as a qualification of which his opponent could not boast.
Mr. MURPHY, who is no "stump-orator," briefly thanked his supporters, and expressed a hope that by four o'clock next day they would place him at the head of the poll.
MR. J. A THOMPSON [sic] also'briefly'acknowledged the kindness and zeal with which he had been supported. Captain Goldsmith had kindly expressed an opinion that his (Mr. Thompson's [sic - Thomson's] professional knowledge might be serviceable to the city, and he assured them, that if elected, his services should be ever at the command of the corporation. Mr. Thompson [sic] proceeded to show that he had been engaged both by the commissioners and the present corporation to prepare the assessments of the city, and, as a proof of the correctness of his judgment in such matters, he stated that although there were 4000 separate assessments in one case, and 4500 in the other, there had been only 10 appeals in the first instance, and 7 in the second. The electors might therefore place some confidence in his professional knowledge. Having stated that neither his committee nor himself had entered the contest with any ill feeling, he proceeded to allude to some offensive placards which had been issued by his opponent. In one of these it appeared it was insinuated that he would help to increase taxation from self-interested motives ; but he assured them that, having a considerable stake in the city, his " self-interest" consisted in reducing taxation, for in increasing it he taxed himself. He again thanked them for their support hitherto, and asked them for their votes on the morrow.
Mr. Crouch then declared that the poll would be taken in the New Market THIS DAY, Commencing at 9 a.m., and closing at 4 p.m. The meeting then separated.
Source: MUNICIPAL ELECTION (1853, December 13). Colonial Times (Hobart, Tas. : 1828 - 1857), p. 2.
Link: https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article8774990

1856: Captain Goldsmith's twin ferry "Kangaroo"
Public opinion was divided on the cost and performance of the vehicular steam ferry Kangaroo which was built by Elizabeth Rachel Nevin's uncle Captain Edward Goldsmith in 1854-1855. It was sold to Askin Morrison in 1857, then to James Staines Taylor in 1864 who operated it for the next 40 years. It was still in operation well into the first decades of the 20th century despite the many complaints about its unwieldyness. Bought by the O'May Bros in 1903, its service was terminated in 1925 and replaced by the Lurgerena in 1926.

Twin ferry Kangaroo

Creator Searle, E. W. (Edward William) 1887-1955
Title S.S. Kangaroo, Hobart to Bellerive ferry, Hobart, ca. 1913 [picture] / E.W. Searle
National Library of Australia: Link: https://nla.gov.au:443/tarkine/nla.obj-141891637

This lengthy article published in Tasmanian Daily News, 12 July 1856, was typical of the criticism levelled at Captain Goldsmith and the twin ferry Kangaroo from the very start of its service.

TRANSCRIPT
To the Editor of the. Tasmanian Daily News.

SIR,— Will you allow me a little space in your valuable journal to draw attention to that job of jobs, the Twin Ferry Boat, now plying between Hobart Town and Kangaroo Point. Her proper name is, I believe, the Kangaroo, but she has divers other appellations. She is sometimes called the Malakoff, by others Denison's Folly, and considering that the late Governor was six years in turning out such a rare specimen of engineering, it is to be regretted, that, after an expenditure of nearly £20,000 the concern is such a failure. She won't answer her helm. I crossed in her the other day, and judge of my surprise to find, when she got half way over, a puff of a breeze took her top-hamper, and she luffed right up in the wind, despite the efforts of her helmsman. She was obliged to be backed again, and again, before she could be brought in a line to her wharf. There is a report that she is to go on the patent slip to be cobbled, aud to have rudders of larger size, but the more money spent on her, the more she will want. Her expenses are said to be £15 per diem, and her takings about as many shillings. A profitable Dr. and Cr. account, but then who cares — it is Government. The wise-acres not reflecting that the money comes from the public. How long is this to last ? A private person would be thought insane, if they were to continue, at such a ruinous sacrifice, so expensive a plaything. I understand that the Venus Company have offered to tow the Twins over to town, six times a day for £2000 per annum. Why do not our irresponsible Government accept this offer ? What a saving it would be to the public funds. The small salaries arc docked : the pittance of the poor clerks are reduced, by our paternal rulers, and, at the same time, thousands of pounds are expended on the most wretched specimen of nautical architecture that ever floated on the briny deep, affording a homely illustration of the penny wise, pound foolish policy. We have another outrage on common sense. Not content with building a nondescript vessel, the Government must needs make a worse wharf. The breakwater and drawbridge for the boat at Kangaroo Point, instead of being parallel, as they ought, are at opposite angles, so that almost every time the modern Noah's Ark comes to the jetty, bump she goes against the breakwatcr. She has already knocked away a fourth part of her bulwarks, at a cost of some £38 (more than she has yet taken), from the cause 1 have described. Some say this is the contractor's fault [Ald. Thomson], others that it is a blunder of the Road Department, no inquiry is made. The job microscope was a small affair, a wrongful perversion of the public money in principle, but this twin boat is a wholesale robbery of the people's funds. The expenditure of £30,000 would nearly have completed a tram-way from Kangaroo Point to Richmond: or such a sum spent in town on a Parliament House, would have commemorated the introduction of that distant object — responsible gooverment. It would have afforded proper accommodation to the new Houses, which the patch-work at the Custom House will not, and it would have given employment to our suffering tradesmen and artificers; but our Downing-street nominees think 'otherwise' and venture to try their skill at building a steam bridge, on the plan that existed in days of yore, "when Adam was an oakum boy in Chatham Yard." Connected with this boat, I may call your notice to the 14 Vic. No. 8, which passed the Legislature on the 23rd August, 1850. Sec. 1 enables the Governor, with the advice of the Executive Council, to borrow £5000 for the purchase of suitable ferry boats. Sec. 2 states that actions for damage as ferryman must be brought against the Director of Public Works ; and the last clause states that after the ferryage pays the cost and charges, the residue shall be appropriated to disburse the principal and interest ! The question now is, whether the Kangaroo is "suitable." I think she is not ; and if so, what remedy have the public against a most scandalous mal-appropriation of their money. This should be looked into, and the parties who have attempted to thrust such a nondescript as the Kangaroo on us, on the ground of her being "suitable," should be surcharged for the cost. Warren Hastings was impeached and tried for a less fragrant disbursement of Government money. The 45th section of the Police Act (2 Vic., No. 22) enables the magistrates at Quarter Sessions to determine the ferryage of boats plying on the Derwent; but we have a kind of ukase [Russian - an arbitrary command], signed by Captain King, R.N., fixing the ferry rates for the Twins. Is this legal ? By what authority the respected Port Officer limits the fares I know not; perhaps it is by the usual routine of our rulers — dictation. Connected with this boat, the industry of the hon. member for Hobart Town (Mr. Chapman) caused the correspondence connected with her building to be published. The papers were laid on the Council table on the 11th December last, and they show a most lax way of " Government work." The first letter is from Mr. Kay; dated the 18th September, 1855, which states that the vessel is ready to commence running, whereas it was only within these last few weeks that she did begin to work. No. l is a kind of contract with Captain Goldsmith, surety — "Askin Morrison, merchant, New Wharf" — to build a twin ferry boat at £20 per ton, builders' measurement, with a mem. from Mr. Champ, stating that it would be necessary to have "a proper legal contract" drawn out,— which was never done! No. 2 is a statement of the cost of the boat at that time, amounting to £17,629. The items are curious— salary of engineer, (doing nothing) £492 18s; Captain Goldsmith's claim £9400 on which he took, I am informed £6256. No. 3 is the estimated cost of working the boat £3661 per annum which is now greatly exceeded. The rest of the Council papers are Sir William Denison's voluminous and wordy correspondence with the home Government, on the building of the boat and his statement that the ful [sic fuel] to be consumed — " is a kind of anthracite coal, which burns well, when mixed with wood"— whereas, I am informed the furnances won't burn this said anthracite coal at all.  One of the paragraphs of the Downing-street despatch is very rich : " Although you do not distinctly state from what source the principal of the debt shall be repaid, yet, adverting to the authority given to you by the act, and to your statement of the result of your inquiries into the suffciency of the present traffic at the ferry to bear the costs and charges, as well as the interest of the money raised, I have taken measures without further delay for complying with your requisition, on the assumption that there will be means of paying the principal, as well as the interest, independently of the land fund." [Earl Grey to Sir William Denison, 13th May, 1851. ]
The engineer, Mr. Boden, was engaged on the 11th August, 1853 at £240 per annum; a free passage to the colony, and from it, when his engagement in determined— and £40 for outfit. So that Mr. Boden receives nearly £720, three years pay, before the Twins commences to ply— this is Government red-tapism. From what I have heard, I believe Mr. Boden is an efficient engineer, and the pay is reasonable, but why disburse him three years income for nothing. A private person would not be guilty of conduct so suicidal.
It does not appear in any way, how the £5000 voted by the Legislature, came to be legitimately increased to £20,000. This explanation is necessary and ought to be afforded. Is it a sample of "the secrecy, reserve, and insolence of office," which the President of the Progressive Association, (Mr. Knight) alluded to, in his inaugural address, the other day, on the part of our colonial autocrat— Mr. Champ. The building of the Twins, the correspondence therewith, and the expenditure of thousands of pounds, without authority, is a local specimen of quasi Crimean malversation, which calls loudly for inquiry. It must be remitted to the forthcoming provincial Parliament, but, then that Assembly is postponed until the time of the Greek calends, by our present rulers, who have taken office, and mean to stick to it, according to the laws of meum and tuum: —

"The good rule— the simple plan,
That those should take who have the power,
And those should keep who can."

Yours obediently,
ANTI-HUMBUG
Liberty Plains,
8th July, 1856.
Source: To the Editor of the Tasmanian Daily News. (1856, July 12). The Tasmanian Daily Newsp. 5.
Link: https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article202388770

RELATED POSTS main weblog

Mrs Elizabeth Goldsmith and the saltmarsh known as Lady's Tippett, 1870

Executors of Captain Edward Goldsmith's estate in probate (1869-1901)
The Captain's wife: Elizabeth (Day) Goldsmith in Chancery 1870s
Saltmarshes along the Thames in Kent, UK

The Goldsmith Golden Triangle
Ours was the marsh country, down by the river, within, as the river wound, twenty miles of the sea. My first most vivid and broad impression of the identity of things seems to me to have been gained on a memorable raw afternoon towards evening. At such a time I found out for certain that this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard; and that Philip Pirrip, late of this parish, and also Georgiana wife of the above, were dead and buried; and that Alexander, Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias, and Roger, infant children of the aforesaid, were also dead and buried; and that the dark flat wilderness beyond the churchyard, intersected with dikes and mounds and gates, with scattered cattle feeding on it, was the marshes; and that the low leaden line beyond was the river; and that the distant savage lair from which the wind was rushing was the sea; and that the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip.
Chapter One: Great Expectations (1860-61) [1867 Edition] by Charles Dickens
Source: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1400/1400-h/1400-h.htm#chap01



This Google Earth map (2023) shows present day locations of Captain Edward Goldsmith's former properties on sale from his estate (1869) at Gadshill, Higham, Chalk and Higham Saltings:

On right:
Gadshill House on Telegraph Hill, home of Captain Edward and Elizabeth Goldsmith;
Top right:
Eleven cottages at Vicarage Row, now School Lane, next to Knowle Country House, sold to the Rev. Hindle;
Centre:
St Mary the Virgin church, at Chalk, where they worshipped and were buried;
On left:
Craddock's Cottage where Charles Dickens and Catherine Hogarth honeymooned, April 1836
Top left:
Lady's Tippett, small parcel of marshland in Higham Mead sold to Robert Lake.

This map from William Mudge dated 1801 shows the same relative positions of each property.



Callouts: Craddock's Cottage, Chalk; St Mary the Virgin Chalk Church; Gad's Hill House, Higham, Captain Goldsmith's house on Telegraph Hill; Lady's Tippett, Higham Creek Higham Saltings
Source: https://mapco.net/kent1801/kent16_01.htm

"Lady's Tippett" today



Less than an acre of saltmarsh, known as Lady's Tippett in the early 1870s when Elizabeth Goldsmith sold it from her husband's estate, is still visible in its original shape. The triangle in which it sits resembles a chicken wishbone to 21st century eyes, but to those in the Middle Ages, it looked like a lady's tippett. This screenshot taken from Google Earth (2020) shows bare meadowland with an occasional herd of cattle grazing closer to the Thames path.

Saltmarsh land at Higham Mead known as "Lady's Tippett"
The title deed to the parcel of marshland in the Higham Salts, County of Kent (UK), known as "Lady's Tippett" which Captain Edward Goldsmith asumed to be legally his according to his last will and testament prepared in 1865 and proved July 1869 on his death, was not found among his conveyancing documents when his entire estate was prepared for auction in June 1870. Yet he had received "rents and profits" from its tenants since 1857, income which his executors continued to accrue up to the planned date of sale.

"Lady's Tippett" could only be sold legitimately if Captain Goldsmith's widow, Mrs Elizabeth Goldsmith, set forth in Chancery a declaration (oath) that this piece of land's provenance in her husband's estate was the result of an informal arrangement with wine merchant James Saxton in 1857. Up until a week before the date of auction set for the 14th June 1870 at the Bull Hotel Rochester where purchaser Robert Lake would bring to light the property's "fee simple" status, Elizabeth Goldsmith, as one of three executors to her husband's estate along with silk merchants Alfred Bentley and William Bell Bentley, was still receiving rent from the tenant Mrs Mary Youens. To absolve the executors of any suspicion they had knowledge of the anomaly, Elizabeth Goldsmith's sworn declaration was made in Chancery just days prior to the auction, on Thursday 9th June 1870 under an Act of Parliament which was incepted at the time of William IV's reign and later amended to abolish unnecessary oaths and suppress voluntary, extrajudicial affadavits.

For such a small parcel of land measuring less than one acre (3 roods, 1 perch) it took quite some extra money, time and legal expertise in order to execute a new indenture and administer its sale. The cost was out of all proportion to its size by comparison with the extensive acreage of plantations, pasturage and tenanted dwellings that comprised the whole of Captain Edward Goldsmith's real estate on offer at auction by Mr. Cobb in his beautifully prepared catalogue - real estate which stretched miles across the two parishes of Higham and Chalk, in the county of Kent (UK).



Messrs. Cobb, Surveyors and Land Agents, Catalogue of Captain Edward Goldsmith's properties for sale at auction, June 1870
Source: Kent History and Library Centre
Link: https://www.kentarchives.org.uk/collections/getrecord/GB51_U36_2_882_5



Map and plan of properties at auction from the estate of Captain Edward Goldsmith, June 1870
Source: Kent History and Library Centre
Link: https://www.kentarchives.org.uk/collections/getrecord/GB51_U36_2_882_5

Goldsmith estate auction 1870

Plan map of Lady's Tippet, detail from Cobb's Catalogue 1870: LOT 10 - box insert above.

The reason, perhaps, for all the flurry and fuss over the sale of Lady's Tippett was a belief that Robert Lake the younger had an historical claim on it. His father's name, R. Lake Esq. appears on land adjacent to the strip coloured green on the tithe map drawn up for the new indenture, and perhaps with time his activities had spilled over onto the land called Lady's Tippett, blurring boundaries, especially if the marsh salt had a commercial value. Wording on conveyancing documents (below) describe it as "that piece or parcel of Salt Marsh Land called Lady's Tippett situate in a certain Salt Marsh called Higham Mead " which suggests meadowland and rich pasturage for sheep. Robert's uncle George Lake of nearby Oakley who died in 1865 and was buried at St. Mary's Chalk Church was clearly an associate and friend of Edward Goldsmith who was also buried there in 1869.

George Oakley was listed as occupier of land in Chalk owned by Edward Goldsmith's father Richard, which was managed by Edward's brother John Goldsmith in 1841. Lake family members by 1881 were paying rates on extensive land holdings in the parish of Higham (Fielding 1882). Robert Lake Esq. may have used his parcel of land adjacent to Lady's Tippett for pasturage, saltworks for meat preservation, and orchards in an arrangement with wine and brandy merchant James Saxton of Crayford. It was James Saxton who was named as the person who offered the parcel of land to Captain Goldsmith in fee simple of £25 in 1857, and retrospectively, it seeems, in "extrajudicial" circumstances. Fee simple under English law was real property held permanently but limited by government powers. Preparation for the sale of Lady's Tippett was concluded as fee simple absolute, without limitations on the land's use, and that required a new indenture in 1870 which cost Elizabeth Goldsmith, as the principal beneficiary of her husband's estate, a great deal of money at the office of solicitor George Matthews Arnold.



TM/13/3-Receipts From James Saxton, Wine & Brandy Merchant
Link: https://royalasiaticcollections.org/receipts-from-james-saxton-wine-brandy-merchant/

Why tippett?
The parcel of land known as "Lady's Tippett" was named presumably because of its topographical shape resembling an item of Medieval clothing draped from the elbow to the hem worn by women, clerical and secular, perfectly depicted in this 14th century statuette of Joan, daughter of Edward III.



Statuette of Joan on the tomb of Edward III
DIED 2nd September 1348
LOCATION St Edward’s Chapel; South Ambulatory
MATERIAL TYPE Bronze
Image © 2023 Dean and Chapter of Westminster
Joan, daughter of Edward III
A small bronze statuette (or weeper) of Joan, a daughter of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault, can be seen on the side of her father's tomb in Westminster Abbey. This can be viewed from the south ambulatory. She was born in 1335 and died on 2nd September 1348 en route to Spain to marry Pedro of Castile. She lies buried in Bayonne cathedral. The weeper figure wears a reticulated head dress, cote-hardi and long sleeves [tippetts] and the coat of arms depicting Castile & Leon impaling France and England quarterly is below.

From Revivial Clothing, tippetts through the centuries:
During the High Middle Ages (11th – 13th centuries) male and female fashions often emphasized a full-sleeved tunic or gowns over a tight-sleeved undertunic or gown, both of which were worn over a plain linen shirt or chemise. Towards the close of this period the sleeves of the overgarment were cut to end at the elbow and form long, pendant sleeves about a foot long, leaving the forearms covered exclusively by the undergarment. As the new style of tight-sleeved, fitted gown and male cotehardies came into fashion in the 14th century, the overgarment’s sleeve was now tight-fitting and extended to the wrist. The old pendant sleeve was replaced with a purely decorative strip of linen or silk fabric about three inches wide that was attached either temporarily or permanently around the sleeve just above the elbow; from it a long streamer fell anywhere from the knee to the ground. Early in the period the bands seem to have been worn to the front of the arms, but later “migrated” to the sides of the arms. These streamers, or tippets, were nearly exclusively white, and great care was exercised to keep them pressed free of wrinkles. Based on contemporary artwork, our removable tippets are made of lightweight, white linen, and are “one size fits most” fitting up to a 15 1/2″ arm, with a 28″ long streamer.
Source: https://revivalclothing.com/product/medieval-tippets/#1554922249854-a8a7cc3f-7696



Caption: "A woman kneels in prayer, she wears a black Backlace Gown with a Wimple and silk Veil to cover her head. Her tippets hang low from her upper arms just barely brushing the floor."
Source: https://revivalclothing.com/product/medieval-tippets/#1554922249854-a8a7cc3f-7696

That this parcel of land's resemblance to an open sleeve hanging from an arm may have seemed obvious to Higham Marshes' earliest inhabitants. Its name suggests a feminine space serving some practical use. A Benedictine nunnery was established in the 13th century at Lower Higham close to St. Mary the Virgin Church (Chalk Church), the church where Captain Goldsmith worshipped and was buried in 1869. The nuns profited from the maintenance of the Causeway, the old Roman Road leading from Higham village to the Thames where they held a franchise on the Ferry service crossing from Kent to Essex. These were women who were nominally addressed as Lady (Lady Anchoreta, Lady Prioress), who worshipped at the Lady Chapel (variously called the Nun's Chapel and Lady's Chapel) inside the church, and who gave birth to children fathered by at least one Vicar of St. Mary's, Edward Steroper (a story often told about this nunnery and cited as one reason for dissolution of the nunnery in 1521 among others, including embezzlement of funds by nuns and decline in general use of the Ferry). In 1959 two cottages of an 18th century farm, Abbey Farm on ordnance maps, which were demolished near St Mary's were found to contain considerable portions of 14th century masonry. Graves, believed to be those of nuns were found during excavation, suggesting the site was formerly the nuns' cloister and priory.
Source: A. F. Allen.1965.Higham Priory.Archaeologia Cantiana. 80:186199.
https://kentarchaeology.org.uk/node/11462 .



Detail of map St. Mary's Church and Abbey Farm, site of nun's priory
Kent XI Ordnance Survey Six-inch England and Wales, Kent Sheet XI
Surveyed: 1862, Published: 1870
Link: https://maps.nls.uk/view/102343465#zoom=5&lat=8569&lon=4325&layers=BT



1862: Kent Sheet XI - the Salt Marshes
Surveyed: 1862, Published: 1870
Size: map 61 x 92 cm (ca. 24 x 36 inches), on sheet ca. 70 x 100 cm (28 x 40 inches)
https://maps.nls.uk/view/102343465#zoom=4&lat=5963&lon=7013&layers=BT
Early maps of the Higham Saltings indicate where Higham Creek enters from the Thames.
Red arrow: Higham Creek; green arrow, Lady's Tippet; blueline, Higham Creek; yellow highlight Higham Saltings

With dissolution of the Nunnery, the lands, tithes and presentation of Abbey Farm became the property of St John's College, Cambridge. The College owned the strip of land adjacent to Lady's Tippett, on the Thames side (see Tithe map below on Elizabeth Goldsmith's Declaration in Chancery 1871, below) as well as land on Telegraph Hill, Higham, above Gad's Hill House, the 6 acre property which was Captain Goldsmith's primary residence (see Cobb's Catalogue for the sale of estate, below).

An earlier account written by C. Roach Smith in 1880 dispelled the belief that the Higham marshes were worthless. On a visit to the area, he found:
From the spot where is the divarication from the straight line from Higham, for a very considerable distance, a wide space of ground on the margin of the Thames is unenclosed. It was thought worthless; and over it the high tides have ever flowed and still flow. But the vast tract, of marsh and meadow land, protected by the embankment, has apparently been ever secured from the highest tides. Sheep and cattle graze upon it, in perfect security; it grows no marine plants, such as flourish on the riverside; its creeks are full of fresh water plants, and fresh water fish.
C. Roach Smith.1880.The Shorne Higham and Cliffe Marshes. Archaeologia Cantiana.13:494-499.(p. 497)
Link: https://kentarchaeology.org.uk/node/9717
Read the full transcript of this article below in Addenda 1.

Storms, floods, tidal fluctuations in sea levels along the Thames and Medway estuaries, and the human activities of pasturage, agriculture, walling, trenching, embanking and salt-making might have affected the topography of the Higham Salts by the 19th century to the degree where any change to the course of the bifurcated stream Higham Creek, in particular, would have altered the boundaries of Lady's Tippett. But to the Medieval mind it may well have looked just like a lady's tippett, notwithstanding other possible connotations to do with femininity.

MAY - JUNE 1870
The first steps taken to legitimate the inclusion of an indenture on "Lady's Tippett" in the sale of her husband's estate took place in Chancery, London, on 9th June, 1870 when Elizabeth Goldsmith declared on oath her lack of knowledge of the existence or non-existence of a title deed to the said piece of land, as recorded on this document:

FRONTIS: Mrs Elizabeth's Goldsmith's Declaration 9 June 1870

Elizabeth Goldsmith 1870

TRANSCRIPT - Frontis
Dated 9 June 1870
Rectangular stamp BRA 1069 11
Declaration of Mrs Elizabeth Goldsmith as to the title of the late Edward Goldsmith dec'd to a piece of marshland in the Parish of Higham Kent.
PAGE 2:

Elizabeth Goldsmith 1870

TRANSCRIPT Page 2:

[Circular stamp with Crown dated 10.5.70 = 10th May 1870]
2/7
I Elizabeth Goldsmith of Gads Hill House in the Parish of Higham in the County of Kent, widow do hereby solemly and sincerely declare as follows: -
1. That my late Husband Edward Goldsmith formerly of Gad's Hill Cottage in the Parish of Higham aforesaid purchased in the year one thousand eight-hundred and fifty seven of James Saxton the younger of Crayford in the said County of Kent Wine Merchant for an Estate of fee simple in possession free from incumbrances a piece or parcel of marshland called or known by the name of Lady's Tippett situate lying and being in a certain saltmarsh called Higham Mead in the parish of Higham aforesaid and numbered 10 in the Tithe map for the said Parish and on which said piece or parcel of land contains by admeasurement three roods and one perch (more or less) and is more particularly delineated and described as to its position and boundaries in the map or plan thereof drawn in the margin of these present and therein colored Green -
[BOX INSERT: Tithe map or plan of the piece of land called Lady's Tippett, Higham Salts]



2. That I have caused searches to be made for the Deed whereby such piece or parcel of land may have been conveyed to my said late Husband, but I have found none and I verily believe that no Conveyance of the said piece or parcel of land to my said Husband was ever made and executed in consequence of the small value of such piece of Land my said Husband having paid only the sum of twenty five pounds for the

PAGE 3:

Elizabeth Goldsmith 1870

TRANSCRIPT Page 3:
[Initialled] purchase of the fee simple thereof in possession free from incumbrances

3. That ever since the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty seven down to the day of his death which occurred on the second day of July one thousand eight hundred and sixty nine my said Husband has been in peacable and quiet possession of the said piece of land and has received the rents and profits thereof without any interruption or disturbance whatsoever.

4. That since the date of my said Husband's decease the Trustees of his Will have held and enjoyed the said piece of land and heriditaments and received the rents and profits thereof as the same is now in tenure or occupation of their tenant Mrs Mary Youens and this without any interruption or disturbance whatsoever. And I make this solemn declaration conscientiously believing the same to be true and by virtue of the provisions of an Act of Parliament made and passed in the sixth year of the reign of His late Majesty King William the Fourth intituled "An Act to repeal an Act of the present Session of Parliament intituled "An Act for the more effectual abolition of Oaths and Affirmations taken and made in various Departments of the State and to substitute Declarations in lieu thereof and for the more entire suppression of voluntary and extrajudicial Oaths and Affidavits and to make other provisions for the abolition of unnecessay Oaths -"

Declared at Gravesend
in the County of Kent
this ninth day of June one thousand                             } Elizabeth Goldsmith [signature]
eight hundred and seventy
Before me
Geo. M. Arnold [signature]
A Commissioner to administer Oaths
in Chancery in England
Source: "Saltmarsh bought by Robert Lake 1870, and eleven cottages in Vicarage Row, Higham"
Description: Also Gads Hill House, Gads Hill Cottage and nine cottages in Gads Hill; twenty seven cottages, Chalk Street, Gravesend; one deed 1870 of saltmarsh in Higham, remaining topographical references from a sale catalogue with plan, 1870
Held At: Kent History and Library Centre
Document Order #:U36/T1810/5
Date:1865-1881
Link: https://www.kentarchives.org.uk/collections/getrecord/GB51_U36_2_882_5

AUGUST 1870
The second step was to draw up an indenture on the piece of land called Lady's Tippet in Elizabeth Goldsmith's name in the absence of a title deed. This took place at Mr. Arnold's, Gravesend, two months later, on 25 August 1870. The fourteen page document was then revised in 1881 and Elizabeth Goldsmith's name was struck through, with the purchaser's name Robert Lake, inserted over it.

Summary:
When Captain Edward Goldsmith died in July 1869, an anomoly regarding the absence of a title deed attesting to his ownership of a parcel of land in the Higham Salts marsh measuring less than an acre and known as "Lady's Tippett", resulted in his exceutors needing legal guidance when the sale of his real estate was prepared for auction in July 1870. The parcel was then advertised on Cobb's catalogue as LOT 10. George Matthews Arnold, the lawyer who had administered the will of John Goldsmith snr, Edward's father, proceeded to act on behalf of his wife Elizabeth Goldsmith to empower her to mortgage Lady's Tippett in order to sell it to Robert Lake free of encumbrances. It cost her £836.10 (£837 pounds in 1870 is worth approximately £52,435.04 or $71, 022.87 USD today, with the same buying power as $103,107.64 current dollars.).

G. W. Arnold devised an Indenture on the piece of land in question, Lady's Tippet, by abstracting it from the estate at considerable expense to the executors of Edward Goldsmith's estate, his wife Elizabeth Goldsmith and silk merchants Alfred Bentrley and William Bell Bentley. He set about interpreting in detail the will dated 15th February, 1865 and the codicil dated 30th June 1869 - TWO DAYS before Captain Goldsmith was declared deceased on 2nd July 1869 - to assert that both the will and the codicil covered any and all aspects, if the need arose, for Elizabeth Goldsmith to raise money for any construction or improvements on her husband's real estate. By assenting to this arrangement with G. W. Arnold to hold all her husband's real estate in Trust, Elizabeth Goldsmith entered into a loan agreement with him for £200 with interest at the rate of £5 per cent per annum for the sale of the Indenture on Lady's Tippet (page 3).

But by pages 4 and 5, Arnold's fees to execute power of sale of Lady's Tippett to Robert Lake, the intended purchaser, had risen to £215.7.1 which included interest in arrears and insurance. Legacy duties, registering the new Indenture, and other legal fees incurred an additional £83.14.7 by page 7. A further sum of £334.16.7 was then included so that Elizabeth Goldsmith could complete the erection of works mentioned in the will and codicil - though these are not specified. By the bottom of page 7, Arnold had arrived at the sum of £836.10 due from Elizabeth Goldsmith. He then gives assurance that the Indenture prepared for the excercise of removing it from Elizabeth Goldmith's entitlements to her husband's real estate could then ensure its disposal at sale but only on the repayment of money owed to him by Elizabeth Goldsmith. She signed this agreement with Arnold on 9th June 1870 and paid him an advance of £338.9/. George Matthews Arnold lodged a complaint himself as plaintiff in 1872 against Edward Goldsmith's will and heirs for the amount which he claimed was owing to him and which was far more, according to Elizabeth Goldsmith's testimony.

Appended to this agreement dated the 10th September 1870 is the handwritten version of Elizabeth Goldsmith's statutory delaration entered on oath in Chancery in which she said she had searched for the title deed to Lady's Tippett without success, and that she "verily believed that no conveyance of the said piece or parcel of land to her was ever made & executed in consequence of the small value of such piece of land her said husband having paid only the sum of £25 for the fee simple ..." .

On this same page 10 which bears her statement and signature is another statement written in another hand between George Matthews Arnold, Elizabeth Goldsmith,William Bell Bentley and Alfred Bentley in the first part, and the purchaser of Lady's Tippett, Robert Lake the younger of Oakley in the Parish of Higham in the second part, stating that he agrees that Elizabeth Goldsmith had "excercised the power of mortgaging" the parcel of land which he Robert Lake made as an absolute purchase "free from all encumbrances for £15." But the agreement is not personally signed by Robert Lake. It merely records that the document was executed by G. M. Arnold, Elizabeth Goldsmith, Alfred and William Bell Bentley, and the receipt of the £15 attested.



Robert Lake's attested conveyancing to him of the Lady's Tippett, 10 September 1870
Link: https://www.kentarchives.org.uk/collections/getrecord/GB51_U36_2_882_5

TRANSCRIPT
He the said G. M. Arnold (at the request and by the direction of the said E. Goldsmith W. B. Bentley & A Bentley (testified etc) Did thereby grant and convey the said E. Goldsmith W. B. Bentley & A Bentley by virtue of the said recited power of sale & of all other powers & auth'ies [authorities] in any way enabling them in that behalf Did & each of them Did thereby grant & convey release satisfy & confirm unto the said R. Lake & his heirs All that piece or parcel of Salt Marsh Land called Lady's Tippett situate in a certain Salt Marsh called Higham Mead in the said Parish of Higham numbered 10 in the Tithe Commutation Map and Book of reference of the said Parish & config [configured] by amt [amount] 3 r [roods] 1p [perch] or thereabouts & particlarly delineated & colored green in the Plan thereof drawn in the margin of the abstracting Indre [Indenture] Together with the appurtns [appurtenances]- And all the estate To hold the same unto & to the use of the said R. Lake his heirs and ass [assignees] for ever freed & absolutely discharged from the securities created by the said Indentures of the 22nd July 1869 and the 9 Juy 1869 & from all other charges or liens of the said G M Arnold (if any) upon the said Lds [lands] or any part thereof.

Covenant by the said G. M. Arnold that he had not incumbered

Several convenants by the said E Goldsmith W.B. Bentley & A Bentley that they had not incumbered
Executed by the said G. M. Arnold E Goldsmith W.B. Bentley & A Bentley & attested and Receipt for £15 indorsed signed and witnessed

[Margin annotation:]
Plan same as that annexed to E. Goldsmiths declaration before abst [?]

The last page, which would have been the front cover when folded of the document when amended in the 1880s, is identical to the header on page 1 featuring "Abstract of the Title" in Gothic lettering except that it bears two dates - 1870 of the original page struck through with 1881 superimposed. Pencilled in at the top of the page is "As to part of Lot 8, and beneath, struck through " Lot 10". Annotated in the margin is the reference number used by the Kent Archives and Library to catalogue it: U36 T1810/5

Next is the Abstract of Title in the same Gothic lettering as on page 1, with "Elizabeth Goldsmith and others" struck through, superimposed by Robert Lake's name:
"Abstract of the Title of Robert Lake Esq. to a certain freehold piece of [land struck through] Marsh Land called or know as "Lady's Tippett" siuate in the Parish of Higham in the County of Kent."
The footnote annotation carries initials and another date, 22/7/81 and a rectangular stamp enclosing "B.R.A. 1069 11" . The date refers to the date at top - 1881.



Final page, Abstract of Title to Robert Lake, dated 1881, on the conveyance of Lady's Tippett
Link: https://www.kentarchives.org.uk/collections/getrecord/GB51_U36_2_882_5

COMMENT:
Solicitor George Matthews Arnold had a long association with Captain Edward Goldsmith's immediate family. He administered the will of Edward's father, Richard Goldsmith snr in 1839 and filed a Bill of Complaint in Chancery in 1856 against Richard's heirs and beneficiaries for withholding evidence of deeds to Richard Goldsmith's extensive holdings in the parishes of Chalk and Higham, Kent.

Richard Goldsmith snr held licenses for two hotels in Rotherhithe, London, viz. the China Hall public house and the adjoining tenements at 1-4 China Hall Place, on the Lower Deptford-road, as well as the Victoria Inn, known as the Princess, also on the Lower Deptford-road. The mortgages, indentures and income on the tavern, tea gardens and tenements at China Hall Place were the first subject of G. W. Arnold's Bill of Complaint filed specifically against the two sons of Richard Goldsmith snr - John Goldsmith and his younger brother Captain Edward Goldsmith.

Extraordinary as it may seem, George Matthews Arnold's Bill of Complaint was lodged in Chancery less than six months after Captain Goldsmith's permanent arrival back at his residence, Gads Hill House, Telegraph Hill, Higham, Kent in 1856. Arnold met with resistance from the Goldsmith brothers when making it clear he had a Complaint. In fact, in item 15 of his Bill of Complaint, he stated:
15. The whole of the said principal sum of One thousand six hundred pounds with an arrear of interest thereon still remains due and owing to the plaintiff George Matthews Arnold upon the securities aforesaid and the said mortgaged premises being but a scanty security for the same the plaintiff George Matthews Arnold has applied to and requested the defendants hereto to redeem the said mortgages or to release their equity of redemption in the said premises but they refuse to comply with such request.
G. W. Arnold as plaintiff filed this suit in Chancery for the purpose of redeeming the mortgages, rents and other income derived principally from Richard Goldsmith's properties. He also wanted the Goldsmith heirs to produce evidence of other deeds held on properties but they refused. The Court ordered they should comply under penalty of arrest. When Captain Edward Goldsmith's own estate was put at auction in 1870 at the Bull hotel, Rochester, the auction took place under under the watchful eye of George Matthews Arnold who acted as solicitor to the executors, and at great expense to Edward's wife, Elizabeth, as evidenced here by the problem of a title deed to a piece of land measuring less than acre called "Lady's Tippett" that was considered by her husband to be of small value.

10th SEPTEMBER 1870
The third step to facilitate the sale of Lady's Tippett to Robert Lake was to write up the official Indenture form.

Indenture 1870 Elizabeth Goldsmith and G M Arnold

TRANSCRIPT
This Indenture made the tenth day of September one thousand eight hundred and seventy Between George Matthews Arnold of Gravesend in the County of Kent Gentleman of the first part Elizabeth Goldsmith of the same place Widow and William Bell Bentley and Alfred Bentley of one hundred and thirty six Cheapside in the City of London Silk Merchants of the second part and Robert Lake the younger of Oakley in the Parish of Higham in the County of Kent Esquire of the third part. WHEREAS Edward Goldsmith late of Higham aforesaid Esquire deceased being seised of or otherwise entitled to a state of inheritance in fee simple in possession of and in (amongst other hereditaments) the piece or parcel of land and hereditaments herein after described and intended to be hereby assured duly made and executed his last will and testament in writing dated the fifteenth day of February one thousand eight hundred and sixty five whereby he devised all his real estate whatever and wheresoever that he might die seised possessed or entitled to at the time of his death unto his wife the said Elizabeth Goldsmith William Bell Bentley and Alfred Bentley their heirs and assigns upon the trusts therein mentioned And the said testator thereby declared that it should be lawful for the Trustees and Trustee for the time being of his said will at their discretion from time to time to sell and absolutely dispose of his said real estate or any part thereof either by public auction or private contract and subject or not to any special or other conditions of sale restrictive of the purchasers rights in relation to the title or evidence of title and such other conditions stipulations and agreements as they should think proper and to make enter into and execute all acts deeds assignments and assurances whatsoever as should be necessary or be deemed expedient by his said Trustee their heirs executors or administrators and stand possessed of the proceeds of sale upon the trusts therein mentioned And that the receipt or receipts of the Trustees or Trustee for the time being of his said will for the money to arise from any sale or sales of his said estate as aforesaid should effectually discharge the person or persons paying the same from being answerable or accountable for the misapplication or nonapplication thereof AND WHEREAS the said Testator duly made and executed a codicil to his said will dated the thirtieth day of June one thousand eight hundred and sixty nine whereby he empowered the said Elizabeth Goldsmith to execute Mortgages of his real estate for the purpose therein mentioned AND WHEREAS the said Testator died on the second day of July one thousand eight hundred and sixty nine and the said will and codicil were duly proved by the said Elizabeth Goldsmith William Bell Bentley and Alfred Bentley the executrix and executors thereof on the twenty seventh day of the same month in the Principal Registry of her Majestys Court of Probate AND WHEREAS the said Elizabeth Goldsmith has exercised the power of Mortgaging vested in her by the Codicil by means of two several Indentures of Mortgage bearing date respectively the twenty second day of July one thousand eight hundred and sixty nine and the first day of January one thousand eight hundred and seventy and respectively made between herself of the one part and the said George Matthews Arnold of the other part AND WHEREAS the said Robert Lake has contracted with the said Elizabeth Goldsmith William Bell Bentley and Alfred Bentley for the absolute purchase of the said piece or parcel of land and hereditaments hereinafter described for an estate of inheritance in fee simple in possession free from all incumbrances at the price of fifteen pounds sterling AND WHEREAS the said George Matthews Arnold has agreed to concur in these presents for the purpose of releasing the said piece of land and heriditaments from the said several Indentures of Mortgage and from all other charges heirs (if any) which he may have thereupon in manner hereinafter appearing NOW THIS INDENTURE WITNESSETH that in pursuance of the said Agreement and in consideration of the sum of fifteen pounds sterling to the said Elizabeth Goldsmith William Bell Bentley and Alfred Bentley (with the consent of the said George Matthews Arnold testified by his executing these presents) now paid by the said Robert Lake the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged. He the said George Matthews Arnold (at the request and by the direction of the said Elizabeth Goldsmith William Bell Bentleyand Arthur [sic -Alfred] Bentley testified by their executing these presents Doth hereby grant and convey And the said Ellizabeth Goldsmith William Bell Bentley and Alfred Bentley by virtue of the said recited power of sale and of all other powers and authorities in any way enabling them in this behalf Do and each of them Doth hereby grant and convey release ratify and confirm unto the said Robert Lake and his heirs ALL that piece or parcel of Salt Marsh Land called "Lady's Tippett" situate in a certain salt marsh called Higham Mead in the said Parish of Higham numbered 10 in the Tithe Commutation Map and Book of Reference of the said Parish and containing by admeasurement three roods one perch or thereabouts and particularly delineated and colored green in the Plan thereof drawn in the margin of these present TOGETHER with the appurtenances to the same piece of land and hereditaments belonging or appertaining and all the estate right title and interest of the parties hereto of the first and second part therein and thereto TO HAVE AND TO HOLD the said piece of land and hereditaments and all and singular other the premises intended to be hereby granted and conveyed with the appurtenances unto and to the use of the said Robert Lake his heirs and assign for ever freed and absolutely discharged from the securities created by the said Indentures of the twenty second day of July one thousand eight hundred and sixty nine and the first day of January one thousand eight hundred and seventy respectively and from all other charges or liens of the said George Matthews Arnold (if any) upon the same piece of land and hereditaments or any part thereof AND the said George Matthews Arnold doth hereby for himself his heirs executors and administrators covenant with the said Robert Lake his executors administrators and assigns that he the said George Matthews Arnold hath not at any time heretofore made done committed executed suffered or omitted any act deed matter or thing whatsoever whereby or by reason or means whereof the said piece of land and hereditaments or any part thereof are is can shall or may be impeached charged incumbered or prejudicially affected in title estate or otherwise howsoever AND each of them the said Elizabeth Goldsmith William Bell Bentley and Arthur [sic Alfred] for herself and himself and for her and heirs executors and administrators acts and defaults only and not further or otherwise Doth hereby covenant with the said Robert Lake his heirs and assigns That the said covenanting party hath not at any time heretofore made done committed executed suffered or omitted any act deed matter or thing whatsoever whereby or by reason or means whereof the said piece of land and hereditaments or any part thereof are is can shall or may be impeached charged incumbered or prejudicially affected in title estate or otherwise howsoever or whereby they the said covenanting parties respectively are in any wise prevented or hindered from granting or conveying the said piece of land and hereditaments or any part thereof in manner hereinbefore mentioned IN WITNESS whereof the said parties to these presents have hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written

[SIGNATURES and RED WAX SEALS with the HORSE'S HEAD, insignia of Kent]
Geo. M. Arnold Elizabeth Goldsmith Wm. Bell Bentley Alfred Bentley

Indenture 1870 Elizabeth Goldsmith and G M Arnold

TRANSCRIPT
[SIGNATURES and RED WAX SEALS with HORSE'S HEAD]
Geo. M. Arnold Elizabeth Goldsmith Wm. Bell Bentley Alfred Bentley

[NEXT PAGE:]
Signed sealed and delivered by the within named George Matthews Arnold in the presence Edw. G. Fooks
Signed sealed and delivered by the within named William Bell Bentley in the presence of Edw G. Fook, Park Place, Gravesend
Signed sealed and delivered by the within named Alfred Bentley in the presence of Edw. G. Fooks

[MARGIN:]

RECEIVED the day and year first within written of and from from the within named Robert Lake the sum of Fifteen Pounds being the considerationmoney within expressed to be paid by him to us ----

Signatures of
Elizabeth Goldsmith
Wm Bell Bentley
Alfred Bentley

Witness to the signature of Elizabeth Goldsmith
Edw G. Fooks
Witness to the signature of William Bell Bentley
Edwd G. Fooks
Witness to the signature of Alfred Bentley
Edw G. Fookes

[COVER FOLD:]

Dated 10th September 1870
CONVEYANCE
George Matthews Arnold Esq. and others to Robert Lake Esq. the Younger
of a Piece of Salt Marsh Land situate in the Parish of Higham Kent
Cover: Abstract of Title to Robert Lake, dated 1881, on the conveyance of Lady's Tippett
Link: https://www.kentarchives.org.uk/collections/getrecord/GB51_U36_2_882_5



Suits in Chancery
On the death of his father in 1869 at Gadshill, Edward Goldsmith jnr contested the will in a Chancery suit against his mother Elizabeth Goldsmith, widow, and his father's executors, William Bell Bentley and Alfred Bentley. He also contested his father's legacy as plaintiff against his Tasmanian cousins, legatees Mary Sophia Day and her sister Elizabeth Rachel (Day) Nevin. But in 1872 both Elizabeth Rachel Nevin and her husband, photographer Thomas Nevin, were named in a Chancery suit as defendants, along with Edward jnr and his mother, this time lodged in the name of Elizabeth's younger sister, Mary Sophia Day as the plaintiff (Ref: National Archives UK C16/781 C546012).

APRIL 1871: Goldsmith v Goldsmith
When the administration of Captain Edward Goldsmith's will was listed in 1871 (National Archives UK Ref: C 16/715/G18) William Bell Bentley was named as defendant along with Captain Edward Goldsmith's widow, Elizabeth Goldsmith versus their son Edward Goldsmith jnr and Sarah Jane Goldsmith, his wife. William Bell Bentley and his brother Alfred Bentley were the named executors of the will, the latter better known as the father of William Owen Bentley, founder of Bentley Motors Ltd (1919) whose mother Emily Waterhouse was born in South Australia. Another of Alfred Bentley's sons, Alfred Hardy Bentley was added to the amendment in 1922.

MAY 1872: Day v Goldsmith
In May 1872, Elizabeth Goldsmith was in Chancery again, this time as defendant in a suit against plaintiff Mary Sophia Day in Tasmania, named as beneficiary of her uncle's will. This legal document appears to be particularly cruel. It sets sister against sister, Mary Sophia Day as the plaintiff and her elder sister Elizabeth Rachel (Day) Nevin as defendant, both daughters of Captain James Day, nieces of Captain Edward Goldsmith's wife Elizabeth (Day) Goldsmith.
Short title: Day v Goldsmith. Documents: Bill only. Plaintiffs:…
Reference:C 16/781/D50 Description: Cause number: 1872 D50.
Short title: Day v Goldsmith.
Documents: Bill only.
Plaintiffs: Mary Sophia Day infant by Thomas Butter her next friend (both struck through).
Defendants: Elizabeth Goldsmith, William Bell Bentley, Alfred Bentley, Edward Goldsmith and Sarah Jane Goldsmith his wife, Caroline Tolhurst, Matilda Tolhurst, Edward Tolhurst (abroad), Richard Tolhurst (abroad) and Thomas Nevin (abroad) and Elizabeth Rachel Nevin his wife (abroad).
This document lists all the real estate held by Captain Goldsmith in July 1869. In this suit, Elizabeth Goldsmith spells out the money she has paid to George Matthews Arnold, amounting to more than the £837.10 she agreed to pay him in 1870:

5. The real property of or to which the testator was seised or entitled at the time of his death was as follows -

     (1.) Eleven cottages and premises situate and being Nos. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 and 11 Vicarage Row in the parish of Higham in the county of Kent specifically mentioned in his said will and at the time of the testator's death let to weekly tenants.

    (2.) A small piece of land situate on the north side of the Gravesend and Rochester turnpike road at Gadshill in the parish of Higham demised to Edward Whitehead with the piece of land hereinafter described and numbered 9 for the term of 14 years from the 1st day of September 1869 at the apportioned yearly rent of 5s. And also another piece of land with 5 cottages or tenements thereon erected and built situate on the north side of the Gravesend and Rochester turnpike road at Gadshill aforesaid and called or known as Nos. 5,6,7,8, and 9 Higham Place and at the time of the testator's death let to weekly tenants.

    (3.) A piece of land with 4 cottages or tenements thereon erected and built and known as Nos. 1,2,3, and 4 Higham Place aforesaid and at the time of the testator's death let to weekly tenants.

    (4.) A piece of marsh land called or known as Lady's Tippet situate in the Salt Marsh called Higham Mead in the parish of Higham aforesaid and containing by admeasurement 3r. 1p. and at the time of the testator's death let to Mrs Mary Youens at the yearly rent of 10s.

    (5.) Four cottages or tenements and premises situate on the noth side of the aforesaid Gravesend and Rochester turnpike road in the said parish of Chalk and situate on the east side of the cottage and garden hereinafter described and numbered 10 which said 4 cottages or tenements were at the time of the testator's death let to weekly tenants.

   (6.) A piece of land situate opposite the "Lisle Castle" public-house on the south side of the aforesaid Gravesend and Rochester turnpike road in the said parish of Chalk and formerly let to John Craddock as yearly tenant which was sold by private contract in the year 1869 for the sum of £200.

   (7.) A piece of land containing by admeasurements 6a. 3r. 28p. with the messuage and premises thereon erected and built and called or known as "Gadshill House" situate at Gadshill aforesaid in the occupation of Andrew Chalmers Dods under and by virtue of an indenture of lease dated the 12th day of June 1869 and made between the said testator of the one part and the said Andrew Chalmers Dods of the other part whereby the said premises were demised unto the said Andrew Chalmers Dods his executors administrators and assigns for the term of 14 years from Michaelmas Day 1869 at the yearly rent of £165. The testator had in his lifetime bound himself to the said Andrew Chalmers Dods to enlarge the last mentioned house and had entered into a contract with a builder for the execution of such work. The defendant Elizabeth Goldsmith after the testator's death raised the sum of £500 on mortgage of the testator's real estate for the purpose of paying for the said work and the plaintiff submits that as between the said houses in Vicarage Row and the testator's other real estate such mortgage ought to be borne wholly by the testator's real estate other than the said houses in Vicarage Row.

   (8.) A piece of land containing 1a. 0r. 32p. with the messuage or tenement thereon erected and built and known as "Gadshill Cottage" situate and being at Gadshill aforesaid and formerly in the occupation of the said testator since then of the defendant Elizabeth Goldsmith but now of Charles Henry Walter under an indenture of lease dated the 13th day of August 1870 and made between the defendants Elizabeth Goldsmith William Bell Bentley and Alfred Bentley of the one part and the said Charles Henry Walter of the other part whereby the same premises were demised unto the said Charles Henry Walter his executors administrators and assigns for the term of 13 years and 48 days from the 12th day of August 1870 at the yearly rent of £70 payable quarterly.

    (9.) A piece of orchard land containing 3r. 20p. situate on the north side of the Gravesend and Rochester turnpike road at Gadshill aforesaid and adjoining the premises eightly described and which said piece of land (with the said small piece of land hereinbefore mentioned and numbered 2) was demised to the said Edward Whitehead for the term of 14 years from the 1st day of September 1869 and is now in his occupation at the apportioned yearly rent of £4. 15s.

   (10.) A piece of garden ground containing by admeasurment 1r. 30p. on the north side of the Gravesend and Rochester turnpike road with the cottage or tenement thereon erected and built situate in the parish of Chalk aforesaid and also a piece of orchard ground situate on the north side of the road leading from Gravesend to the village of Lower Higham amd lying in the parish of Chalk aforesaid and containing by admeasurement 1a.3r.32p. all of which premises are now in the occupation of John Craddock as yearly tenant at the annual rent of £30.

   (11.) Twenty-three cottages or tenements and premises situate in or near to the aforesaid road leading from Gravesend to Lower Higham in the said parish of Chalk all let to weekly tenants.

6. The defendants Elizabeth Goldsmith William Bell Bentley and Alfred Bentley have in exercise of the power of sale given to them by the said will sold the said hereditaments numbered respectively 1,2,3,4,5, and 6 and out of the proceeds of such sale and out of the testator's personal estate not specifically bequeathed the defendants Elizabeth Goldsmith William Bell Bentley and Alfred Bentley have paid the testator's funeral and testamentary expenses and debts except as hereinafter state including some part of the mortgage debts hereinafter mentioned.

7. At the time of the testator's death the principal sum of £294.2s.4d was due from him to George Matthews Arnold of Gravesend in the county of Kent gentleman and was secured by a deposit of the title deeds of the testator's real estate (excepting the said pieces of land hereinbefore described and numbered respectively 1 and 4). By indentures of mortgage dated respectively the 22nd day of July 1869 and the 1st day of January 1870 and made between the defendant Elizabeth Goldsmith of the one part and the said George Matthews Arnold of the other part All the real estate of the said testator was mortgaged to the said George Matthews Arnold to secure to him the aggregate principal sum of £836. 10s. inclusive of the sum of £194. 2s. 4d. part of the above mentioned sum of £294. 2s. 4d. The defendant Elizabeth Goldsmith alleges that the said mortgages were executed in order to raise money for the purposes of the contract in the testator's codicil mentioned. The sum of £100 (the residue of the said sum of £294. 2s. 4d.) was due in addition to the said sum of £836. 10s. and the sum of £15 has been paid to the said George Matthews Arnold on account of such debt of £100.

8. The defendant Edward Goldsmith [jnr] claims that the sum of £350 was owing to him by the said testator at the time of his decease and the same sum still remains unpaid.

9. By a decretal order of this Honorable made in Chambers and dated the 9th day of February 1871 made in the matter of the estate of the said testator and in a cause between the said Edward Goldsmith and the defendants Elizabeth Goldsmith Will Bell Bentley and Alfred Bentley defendants It was ordered that the following accounts and enquiries be taken and made -

    (1.) An account of the personal estate not specifically bequeathed of the said Edward Goldsmith the testator in the summons named come to the hands of the defendants Elizabeth Goldsmith widow William Bell Bentley and Alfred Bentley the executrix and executors of his said will or any of them or to the hands of any other person or persons by their order or for their use.
   (2.) An account of the testator's debts.
   (3.) An account of the testator's funeral expenses.
   (4.) An account of the legacies and annuities given by the testator's will.
   (5.) An enquiry what parts (if any) of the testator's said personal estate were outstanding or undisposed of and it was ordered that the testator's personal estate not specifically bequeathed should be applied in payment of his debts and funeral expenses in a due course of administration and then in payment of the legacies and annuities given by his will and it was ordered that the following further inquiries should be made and taken.
   (6.) An enquiry what real estate the testator was seised of entitled to at the time of his death.
   (7.) An enquiry what incumbrances (if any) affect the testator's real estate or any and what parts thereof. And it was ordered that the further consideration of the said matter and cause should be adjourned and any of the parties were to be at liberty to apply as they shall be advised.

10. Affadavits have been filed by the defendants Elizabeth Goldsmith -
um of £836. 10s. inclusive of the sum of £194. 2s. 4d. part of the above mentioned sum of £294. 2s. 4d. The defendant Elizabeth Goldsmith alleges that the said mortgages were executed in order to raise money for the purposes of the contract in the testator's codicil mentioned. The sum of £100 (the residue of the said sum of £294. 2s. 4d.) was due in addition to the said sum of £836. 10s. and the sum of £15 has been paid to the said George Matthews Arnold on account of such debt of £100.

11. The defendant Edward Goldsmith married after the testator's death with the consent of the defendant Elizabeth Goldsmith but has never had a child.

12. The plaintiff submits that the testator's real estate remaining unsold and the testator's personal estate specifically bequeathed ought to contribute ratebly with the proceeds of the sale of the said real estate already sold towards payment of the testator's funeral and testamentary expenses and debts and further that the said funeral and testamentary expenses and debts ought to be apportioned between the said eleven cottages in Vicarage Row which are by the said will contingently devised to the plaintiff and the said Elizabeth Rachel Nevin as aforesaid on the one hand and the residue of the testator's real estate on the other hand.

13. The said Thomas Nevin and Elizabeth Rachel his wife are resident in Hobart Town aforesaid out of the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court. No settlement or agreement for a settlement has ever been made before or after such marriage.

14. The said Mary Tolhurst had four children only living at the time of the testator's death that is to say the defendants Caroline Tolhurst Edward Tolhurst Richard Tolhurst and Matilda Tolhurst. The defendants Edward Tolhurst and Richard Tolhurst are resident at Ballarat in Australia out of the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court.

15. Under the circumstances aforesaid the plaintiff submits that the testator's real as well as personal estate ought to be administered and the trusts of his will carried into execution under the direction of this Honorable Court.

Source: Short title: Day v Goldsmith. Documents: Bill only. Plaintiffs:…
Reference:C 16/781/D50 Description:
Cause number: 1872 D50.
Short title: Day v Goldsmith.
Documents: Bill only.
Plaintiffs: Mary Sophia Day infant by Thomas Butter her next friend (both struck through).
Defendants: Elizabeth Goldsmith, William Bell Bentley, Alfred Bentley, Edward Goldsmith and Sarah Jane Goldsmith his wife, Caroline Tolhurst, Matilda Tolhurst, Edward Tolhurst (abroad), Richard Tolhurst (abroad) and Thomas Nevin (abroad) and Elizabeth Rachel Nevin his wife (abroad).
Amendments: Amended by order 1888. George Matthews Arnold added as a named party. Amended by order 1894. Sarah Jane Goldsmith widow added as a plaintiff. Amended by order 1894. George Edmeades Tolhurst added as a party. Amended by order 1908. Sarah Jane Goldsmith widow as a defendant and William Bell Bentley, Alfred Bentley, Brownfield Tolhurst and George Phillips Parker added as co defendants.
Date: 1872
Held by: The National Archives, Kew
Link: https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details?uri=C7908748

Whata Whata Surprise
Of special interest to the nieces of Captain Edward Goldsmith - Elizabeth Rachel (Day) Nevin and her sister Mary Sophia Day as daughters of his wife Elizabeth (Day) Goldsmith's brother Captain James Day back in Hobart, Tasmania - was the sale of the eleven cottages in Vicarage Row, Higham which their uncle had set aside as a bequest to them in his will. Photographer Thomas J. Nevin, Elizabeth Rachel Nevin's husband was named as an additional beneficiary.

Despite the catalogue's inclusion at Kent Archives of "Vicarage Row" along with the sale of Lady's Tippett to Robert Lake in the file #U36/T1810/5, he did not acquire those eleven cottages, marked off as LOTS 7, 8, and 9 on the insert in Cobb's catalogue 1870 for the sale of Captain Edward Goldsmith's estate. Those eleven cottages, still standing today and displaying a little plaque with the number and name Vicarage Row, located on School Lane, were still unsold when Mary Sophia Day unsuccessfully contested the will in Chancery in 1872. They were sold to the Rev. Joseph Hindle, the former owner of the house which Charles Dickens bought at 6 Gadshill Place in 1856, but he died two years later in 1874, whereon his heir, David Burn Hindle, a farmer of WhataWhata, south of Auckland (near Hamilton) in the north island of New Zealand, became the sole owner of these cottages, nine of which Captain Goldsmith had built in the 1850s.



Eleven Cottages, Vicarage Row, School Lane, Higham, Kent, UK
Sold in 1872 from the estate of Captain Edward Goldsmith to the Rev. Joseph Hindle
Screenshot: Google Earth 2021

Addenda

Addenda 1. Video - 360 degree view of the Higham salt marshes, Kent, UK



Virtual tour: 360 degree view of the Higham salt marshes, Kent, UK
Ben Holmes, Google maps, June 2018
Link: https://goo.gl/maps/MB3os3ekYXHxG1QC9

Addenda 2: the marsh at Higham Saltings 1880
Kent Archaeological Society 2017
http://kentarchaeology.org.uk/research/archaeologia-cantiana/

C. Roach Smith.1880.The Shorne Higham and Cliffe Marshes.
Archaeologia Cantiana.13:494-499.(p. 497)
Link: https://kentarchaeology.org.uk/node/9717

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THE SHORNE, HIGHAM, AND CLIFFE MARSHES
BY C. ROACH SMITH.
I WAS on the point of visiting the marshes between Higham and the Thames, in order to ascertain the correctness of Hasted, who describes a Roman causeway there, when the reception of a publication, by Mr. Thomas Kerslake* of Bristol, (in which this causeway is referred to, as evidence of the early state of these marshes,) gave me an additional motive to proceed in my object, without futher delay. I have now paid five visits to the marshes; chiefly in company with Mr. Humphry Wickham, and Mr. John Harris. Once we were joined by Mr. Elaxman Spurrell, who, it appears, has been for some time examining the marshes in relation to their ancient embankments, and the condition of the Thames anterior to, and during, the Roman domination.
Hasted's statement is as follows:—
"Plautius, the Roman General under the Emperor Claudius, in the year of Christ 43, is said to have passed the Eiver Thames from Essex into Kent, near the mouth of it, with his army, in pursuit of the flying Britons, who, being acquainted with the firm and fordable places of it, passed it easily (Dion Cassius, lib. lx.) The place of this passage is, by many, supposed to have been from
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* Vestiges of the Supremacy of Mercia in the South of England, during the Eighth Century, by Thomas Kerslake. (Reprinted from the Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society.) Bristol, 1879.

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East Tilbury, in Essex, across the river to Higham (by Dr. Thorpe, Dr. Plott, and others). Between these places there was a ferry on the river; for many ages after, the usual method of intercourse between the two counties of Kent and Essex, from these parts ; and it continued so till the dissolution of the Abbey here; before which time Higham was likewise the place for shipping and unshipping corn and goods, in great quantities, from this part of the country, to and from London and elsewhere. The probability of this having been a frequented ford or passage, in the time of the Romans, is strengthened by the visible remains of a raised causeway or road, near thirty feet wide, leading from the Thames side through the marshes by Higham southward to this Eidgway above-mentioned (Shorne Ridgway), and thence, across the London highroad on Gad's Hill, to Shorne Ridgway, about half-a-mile beyond, which adjoins the Roman Watling-street road near the entrance into Cobham Park. In the Pleas of the Crown in the 21st year of King Edward I, the Prioress of the nunnery of Higham was found liable to maintain a bridge and causeway, that led from Higham down to the river Thames, in order to give the better and easier passage to such as would ferry from thence into Essex."
Dion Cassius, mentioned by Hasted, is more diffuse on the exploits of Aulus Plautius than would be expected from this reference. The notes of Ward, printed by Horsley in his Britannia Romana, pp. 23 to 25, should be compared with the account given by Dion Cassius. This is highly important, as shewing the extent of marshy, unembanked land on the banks of the Thames, which, known to the Britons, caused the Romans great difficulties and loss of men. It may be safely inferred that both the embankment and the causeway, the object of our visits, were constructed soon after the perfect subjugation of Britain, which followed the invasion under Aulus Plautius and the Emperor Claudius in person.
Following a straight line from the highroad, which leads from Shorne Eidgway to the church at Lower Higham, we crossed a farm yard and a meadow; we

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then came upon an embankment, which we, at first, supposed to be the causeway mentioned by Hasted; but subsequent visits shewed that the two works were perfectly distinct. This embankment is a work of great engineering skill, and must have cost much time and labour. It belongs to, and is portion of, the extensive embankment of the Thames; but, to within a short distance from the river, it forms a grand combination of embankment and causeway, running generally in a straight line where it is possible to do so. Often, however, it deviates; evidently with a view to make available, on the western side, an ancient creek, which throughout has regulated its course. This creek causes turnings which were unavoidable to the constructors, who had decided on making use of it. They probably widened and deepened the creek. On the eastern side runs another creek, also accompanying the embankment throughout its course. This appears to have been cut to help form the raised ground ; while it also forms a land boundary, as does its wider companion on the western side. The base, of this great work, may be computed at about twenty-five feet, at the level of the marsh land; and it rises to the height of twelve to fifteen feet. On the side of the Thames, towards Gravesend, it is fully twenty feet high. Here it diminishes in width, at the top, to about three feet, from about six feet.
This important work branches off, at about half a mile from the Thames, to Cliffe; and, nearly a quarter of a mile onwards, to Gravesend. The Cliffe branch is very winding; and it shews, throughout, how its construction was regulated by local circumstances. It was built to secure from inundation all the better land, leaving to its fate, as not worth reclaiming, the portion

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nearer the Thames. The same was the case with the land on the western side. From the spot where is the divarication from the straight line from Higham, for a very considerable distance, a wide space of ground on the margin of the Thames is unenclosed. It was thought worthless; and over it the high tides have ever flowed and still flow. But the vast tract, of marsh and meadow land, protected by the embankment, has apparently been ever secured from the highest tides. Sheep and cattle graze upon it, in perfect security; it grows no marine plants, such as flourish on the river side; its creeks are full of fresh water plants, and fresh water fish.
Following the embankment to Gravesend, we noticed a very marked causeway, in the marsh, which seemed to point from Higham to a spot not very far from Gravesend.* It was in our endeavour, on a subsequent day, to trace this raised road, nearly thirty feet wide at its base, that we came upon Hasted's causeway. That, which was the immediate object of our search, was so intersected by water courses, cut since its discontinuance as a road, that, in endeavouring to recover it, by a long circuit towards the high ground at Beckly, we approached Higham in a new direction, and came upon the causeway at the upper part, near the village of Higham. It answers Hasted's description; is fully thirty feet wide; and in a pretty straight line, goes direct to the Thames, at a point opposite East Tilbury in Essex. Its elevation is sufficiently high to make it, at all seasons, fit for traffic of all kinds; and, though it be now somewhat out of repair, it bears, in numerous cart and waggon ruts, the marks of use as a highroad at a very recent period. If, instead of passing Higham church, towards the

*VOL. XIII. K K
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marshes, the road on the left be taken, and followed, in front of the houses and past them, the causeway will be found at a short distance. The last of these houses, the "Sun " beershop, bears also the significant name of the "Old Ferry House."
The magnitude, extent, and efficiency of these works, which I have attempted thus briefly to describe, point, I submit, to Roman origin. The absence of all evidence of the period of their construction, in historical or documentary works, tends to testimony in favour of remote antiquity. The notion that the land up to, and beyond, Lower Higham, was subject to submergence in historic times, is refuted by the discovery of Roman burials, in the low ground, opposite the old ferry house. I refer to Archaaologia Cantiana, Vol. XI, p. 113. The newly-made graves, in Higham churchyard, continually disclose fragments of Roman pottery and tiles, contributing to shew that the district was well populated in the Roman epoch.
I have, from evidences such as these, ever felt that there has been by no means such changes, in the low sea-marginal lands, during the historic period, as has been imagined by many.

Mr. Kerslake, in the paper I have referred to in the commencement of my remarks, has brought together many important evidences of the intercourse of Essex with Kent, by the Trajectus between East Tilbury and Higham, from the seventh to the tenth century; and these could, no doubt, be easily added to. He has also collected a large mass of valuable materials respecting the state of the entire district from Higham to Hoo, including the long disputed position of Cloveshoe, where, from the eighth century, so many royal and pontifical Councils were held.

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This he, with some of our best modern authorities, shews to be Cliffe-at-Hoo. He adduces, also, auxiliary evidence in the records of these convocations, to prove that the places designated "Cealchythe" and "Acle," are now represented by "Chalk," and "Oakley,"near Higham.
The importance of these meetings, which were witenagemots, or parliaments, as well as ecclesiastical synods, is shewn in the late J.M. Kemble's Saxons in England, vol. ii., p. 241, et seq. He cites numerous instances, extending, as regards these localities, from the seventh to the tenth century; but this accomplished scholar did not perceive, like Mr. Kerslake, their claims to a Kentish site.
Under the guidance of the Rev. H. E. Lloyd,* we examined the church of Cliffe and its environs, but failed to find any ruins of buildings assignable to the times of the great Councils. The foundation of the long wall, on the north of the church, appears to be of the same date as that edifice, and both contain broken gravestones used as building materials; but they are not, perhaps, above a century or two anterior.

* To Mr. Lloyd we are also indebted for introduction to his interesting Rectory, a well-preserved building of the thirteenth century, and for a hospitable entertainment there.

Addenda 3: Tithes 1881.
George Lake and nephew Robert Lake:
Extracts: A Hand-book of Higham: Or the Curiosities of a Country Parish
C. H. Fielding 1882
Page 3
G. Lake , Esq . , left , by Will , a sum of money towards the endowment of Higham Schools , which produces about £ 12 per annum ; this , with other subscriptions from persons variously interested in the Parish , goes to make up a fund of more than £ 75 a yeur , which maintains a good school in the Parish.

Page 23
St Mary the Virgin (Chalk Church)
In Memory of GEORGE LAKE , late of Oakley , In this parish , Who died 26th February , 1865 , Aged 72 years .

Page 25
To the honour and glory of God and in memory of Geo . Lake , who died Feby . 20 , 1863 , this window was restored and stained glass inserted :

Page 42
They became after this the property of Mr. George Lake , who died at Great Oakley in 1865 , and lies buried in Higham Church . His nephew, Mr. Robert Lake , succeeded him , but in 1881 left the place in the hands of his cousin , Mr. Charles Lake .

Page 65
TABLE VI . RATEPAYERS AND OWNERS OF HIGHAM

1881
James Lake
R. Lake
T. Lake
E. Lake
John Lake

Page 66 cont ...
The executors of Captain Goldsmith were still paying taxes on his Higham property in 1881, principally for Gadshill House on Telegraph Hill which his son Edward Goldsmith jnr inherited on the death of his mother Elizabeth (Day) Goldsmith in 1875. Edward jnr died at Rochester on 8th May 1883, just 46 years old, survived by his wife Sarah Jane (Rivers) Goldsmith who died in 1926. Both were buried with Captain Edward Goldsmith and Elizabeth (Day) Goldsmith in the family grave at St Mary the Virgin Church, Chalk, Kent, UK.

Addenda 4: video of Higham Marshes
View composer David Bowdler's video of the Higham Marshes and St Mary the Virgin Chalk Church where Captain Goldsmith's grave is located.



At Youtube: Video by David Bowdler, a musician and composer from Kent in England.
"A journey across the Higham Marsh to the Church on the Edge.Charles Dickens daughter was married at this Church, St Mary's"
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMpQPTarOhE

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